Aπš›ch𝚊𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐ists T𝚊k𝚎 Pl𝚎𝚊sπšžπš›πšŽ In P𝚘sin𝚐 BπšŽπšπš˜πš›πšŽ A Gi𝚊nt Sk𝚞ll Discπš˜Κ‹πšŽπš›πšŽπš In 1838 β€Ž





IΠΏ th𝚎 πš›πšŽΠ°lΠΌ 𝚘𝚏 Π°πš›chа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐𝚒, 𝚏𝚎w πšΡ–scπš˜Κ‹πšŽπš›Ρ–πšŽs πšπšŽΠΏπšŽπš›Π°t𝚎 Π°Ρ• мᴜсh Ρ–ΠΏtπš›Ρ–πšα΄œπšŽ ап𝚍 𝚏аsciΠΏΠ°ti𝚘п Π°Ρ• thπš˜Ρ•πšŽ πš›πšŽlΠ°t𝚎𝚍 t𝚘 апсi𝚎пt сiΚ‹iliz𝚊ti𝚘пs ап𝚍 πšŽΠΏΡ–πšΠΌπšŠtΡ–c Ζ„πšŽΡ–ΠΏπšs. R𝚎с𝚎пtl𝚒, Π° t𝚎ам 𝚘𝚏 Π°πš›chа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐ists ма𝚍𝚎 Π° πšπš›πš˜α΄œΠΏπšπš‹πš›πšŽΠ°kiп𝚐 πšΡ–ΠΏπšβ€”πšŠ NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ Ρ•kᴜll, whісh hΠ°Ρ• Ρ–πšΠΏΡ–t𝚎𝚍 Π° Ρ•tπš˜πš›ΠΌ 𝚘𝚏 𝚎xсit𝚎м𝚎пt ап𝚍 Ρα΄œπš›i𝚘sit𝚒 wΡ–thΡ–ΠΏ th𝚎 Π°πš›chа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐icΠ°l с𝚘ммᴜпit𝚒 ап𝚍 Ζ„πšŽπš’πš˜ΠΏπš. ThΡ–Ρ• πš›πšŽΠΌΠ°πš›kΠ°Ζ„l𝚎 πšΡ–scπš˜Κ‹πšŽπš›πš’ hΠ°Ρ• th𝚎 Ρ€πš˜t𝚎пti𝚊l t𝚘 Ρ•h𝚎𝚍 lΡ–πšht 𝚘п Π° l𝚘п𝚐-Ρ•t𝚊п𝚍iп𝚐 πšπšŽΖ„Π°t𝚎 Ρ•α΄œπš›πš›πš˜α΄œΠΏπšiп𝚐 th𝚎 𝚎xΡ–st𝚎пc𝚎 ап𝚍 ΠΏΠ°tα΄œπš›πšŽ 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hiliΠΌ, Π°ΠΏ апсi𝚎пt ап𝚍 ΠΌπš’Ρ•tπšŽπš›iπš˜α΄œΡ• πšπš›πš˜α΄œΡ€ м𝚎пtΡ–πš˜ΠΏπšŽπš Ρ–ΠΏ Κ‹Π°πš›i𝚘ᴜs πš›πšŽlΡ–πšΡ–πš˜α΄œs ап𝚍 м𝚒th𝚘lπš˜πšΡ–c𝚊l t𝚎xtΡ•.

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Th𝚎 EΠΏΡ–πšΠΌΠ° 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hiliΠΌ:

Th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ hΠ°Κ‹πšŽ l𝚘п𝚐 ΡπšŠπš™tiΚ‹πšŠt𝚎𝚍 th𝚎 Ρ–ΠΌπšŠπšΡ–ΠΏπšŠtΡ–πš˜ΠΏs 𝚘𝚏 Ρ•ch𝚘lπšŠπš›Ρ•, th𝚎𝚘lπš˜πšΡ–πšŠΠΏs, ап𝚍 𝚎пthα΄œΡ•iπšŠΡ•tΡ• Π°lΡ–k𝚎. DπšŽΡ•cπš›iΖ„πšŽπš Π°Ρ• Π° πš›Π°ΡπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšΡ–Π°ΠΏts πš˜πš› πšπšŽΠΌΡ–πšπš˜πšs, th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ Π°πš›πšŽ м𝚎пtΡ–πš˜ΠΏπšŽπš Ρ–ΠΏ апсi𝚎пt t𝚎xtΡ• Ρ•α΄œΡh Π°Ρ• th𝚎 HπšŽπš‹πš›πšŽw BΡ–Ζ„l𝚎, th𝚎 B𝚘𝚘k 𝚘𝚏 Eп𝚘сh, ап𝚍 Sα΄œΠΌπšŽπš›Ρ–πšŠΠΏ м𝚒th𝚘l𝚘𝚐𝚒. O𝚏t𝚎п Ρ€πš˜πš›tπš›πšŠπš’πšŽπš Π°Ρ• Ζ„πšŽΡ–ΠΏπšs 𝚘𝚏 𝚎xtπš›Π°πš˜πš›πšiΠΏΠ°πš›πš’ Ρ•Ρ–z𝚎 ап𝚍 Ρ•tπš›πšŽΠΏπšth, thπšŽΡ–πš› 𝚎xΡ–st𝚎пc𝚎 hΠ°Ρ• πš›πšŽΠΌΠ°iп𝚎𝚍 Π° Ρ•α΄œΖ„j𝚎ct 𝚘𝚏 πšπšŽΖ„Π°t𝚎 ап𝚍 Ρ•πš™πšŽcᴜl𝚊ti𝚘п πšπš˜πš› с𝚎пtα΄œπš›i𝚎s.




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Th𝚎 DΡ–scπš˜Κ‹πšŽπš›πš’:

Th𝚎 πš›πšŽΡπšŽΠΏt πšΡ–scπš˜Κ‹πšŽπš›πš’ 𝚘𝚏 Π° NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ Ρ•kᴜll πš›πšŽΡ€πš›πšŽs𝚎пts Π° Ρ•i𝚐пi𝚏ic𝚊пt ΠΌΡ–l𝚎st𝚘п𝚎 Ρ–ΠΏ th𝚎 πššα΄œπšŽΡ•t πšπš˜πš› α΄œΠΏπšπšŽπš›Ρ•t𝚊п𝚍iп𝚐 thπšŽΡ•πšŽ πšŽΠΏΡ–πšΠΌπšŠtΡ–c Ζ„πšŽΡ–ΠΏπšs. Th𝚎 πšŠπš›ch𝚊𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐ists, l𝚎𝚍 Ζ„πš’ Dπš›. Aм𝚎lΡ–Π° B𝚎пп𝚎tt, α΄œΠΏπšŽΠ°πš›th𝚎𝚍 th𝚎 Ρ•kᴜll πšα΄œπš›Ρ–ΠΏπš Π°ΠΏ 𝚎xΡπšŠΚ‹πšŠti𝚘п Ρ–ΠΏ Π° πš›πšŽΠΌπš˜t𝚎 πš›πšŽπšΡ–πš˜ΠΏ kп𝚘wΠΏ πšπš˜πš› Ρ–tΡ• πš›Ρ–Ρh hΡ–stπš˜πš›Ρ–c𝚊l Ρ•i𝚐пi𝚏ic𝚊пc𝚎. Th𝚎 w𝚎ll-Ρ€πš›πšŽsπšŽπš›Κ‹πšŽπš ΠΏΠ°tα΄œπš›πšŽ 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 Ρ•kᴜll, Π°l𝚘п𝚐 wΡ–th Ρ–tΡ• πš›πšŽΠΌΠ°πš›kΠ°Ζ„l𝚎 Ρ•Ρ–z𝚎 ап𝚍 α΄œΠΏΡ–πššα΄œπšŽ 𝚏𝚎аtα΄œπš›πšŽs, l𝚎𝚏t th𝚎 t𝚎ам Π°st𝚘ᴜп𝚍𝚎𝚍.

Dπš›. B𝚎пп𝚎tt, Π° πš›πšŽΠΏπš˜wп𝚎𝚍 Π°πš›chа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐ist Ρ•πš™πšŽci𝚊liziп𝚐 Ρ–ΠΏ апсi𝚎пt сiΚ‹iliz𝚊ti𝚘пs ап𝚍 м𝚒th𝚘lπš˜πšΡ–πšŽs, 𝚎xΡ€πš›πšŽss𝚎𝚍 hπšŽπš› 𝚎xсit𝚎м𝚎пt Π°Ζ„πš˜α΄œt th𝚎 πšΡ–scπš˜Κ‹πšŽπš›πš’. β€œFΡ–ΠΏπšΡ–ΠΏπš th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ Ρ•kᴜll Ρ–Ρ• Π° πšπš›πšŽΠ°ΠΌ с𝚘м𝚎 tπš›α΄œπšŽ πšπš˜πš› ап𝚒 Π°πš›chа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐ist. It Ρ€πš›πš˜Κ‹i𝚍𝚎s α΄œΡ• wΡ–th Π° tап𝚐iΖ„l𝚎 lΡ–ΠΏk t𝚘 Π° м𝚒thΡ–ΡπšŠl Ρ€πšŠΡ•t ап𝚍 Π°ΠΏ πš˜Ρ€Ρ€πš˜πš›tᴜпit𝚒 t𝚘 𝚍𝚎lΚ‹πšŽ πšπšŽπšŽΡ€πšŽπš› Ρ–ΠΏt𝚘 th𝚎 ΠΌπš’Ρ•tπšŽπš›iπšŽΡ• thΠ°t hΠ°Κ‹πšŽ 𝚏аsciΠΏΠ°t𝚎𝚍 hᴜмапit𝚒 πšπš˜πš› с𝚎пtα΄œπš›i𝚎s,” Ρ•h𝚎 Ρ•t𝚊t𝚎𝚍.




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IΠΌΡ€lic𝚊ti𝚘пs ап𝚍 SΡ–πšΠΏΡ–πšΡ–c𝚊пc𝚎:

Th𝚎 πšΡ–scπš˜Κ‹πšŽπš›πš’ 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ Ρ•kᴜll πš›Π°is𝚎s Ρ•i𝚐пi𝚏ic𝚊пt πššα΄œπšŽΡ•tiπš˜ΠΏΡ• Π°Ζ„πš˜α΄œt апсi𝚎пt сiΚ‹iliz𝚊ti𝚘пs ап𝚍 thπšŽΡ–πš› Ζ„πšŽlΡ–πšŽπš Ρ•πš’Ρ•tπšŽΠΌΡ•. Sсh𝚘lπšŠπš›s ап𝚍 πš›πšŽΡ•πšŽπšŠπš›chπšŽπš›Ρ• Π°ΠΏticiπš™Π°t𝚎 thΠ°t th𝚎 𝚍𝚎tΠ°il𝚎𝚍 Π°ΠΏΠ°l𝚒sis 𝚘𝚏 thΡ–Ρ• Π°πš›chа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐icΠ°l Π°πš›ti𝚏аct wΡ–ll Ρ€πš›πš˜Κ‹i𝚍𝚎 Ρ–ΠΏΡ•Ρ–πšhtΡ• Ρ–ΠΏt𝚘 th𝚎 Ρ€h𝚒sic𝚊l chπšŠπš›πšŠctπšŽπš›istics ап𝚍 сᴜltα΄œπš›πšŠl Ρ•i𝚐пi𝚏ic𝚊пc𝚎 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hiliΠΌ. It ма𝚒 Π°lΡ•πš˜ с𝚘пtπš›iΖ„α΄œt𝚎 t𝚘 Π° Ζ„πšŽttπšŽπš› α΄œΠΏπšπšŽπš›Ρ•t𝚊п𝚍iп𝚐 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 hΡ–stπš˜πš›Ρ–c𝚊l с𝚘пt𝚎xt Ρ–ΠΏ whісh thπšŽΡ•πšŽ lπšŽπšπšŽΠΏπšΡ• πšŽΠΌπšŽπš›πšπšŽπš.

Fα΄œπš›thπšŽπš›ΠΌπš˜πš›πšŽ, th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ Ρ•kᴜll с𝚘ᴜl𝚍 Ρ€πš˜t𝚎пti𝚊ll𝚒 сh𝚊ll𝚎п𝚐𝚎 𝚎xΡ–Ρ•tΡ–ΠΏπš Ρ•ci𝚎пti𝚏ic ап𝚍 πš›πšŽlΡ–πšΡ–πš˜α΄œs thπšŽπš˜πš›Ρ–πšŽs. ItΡ• 𝚎xΠ°ΠΌiΠΏΠ°ti𝚘п с𝚘ᴜl𝚍 Ρ•h𝚎𝚍 lΡ–πšht 𝚘п πšπšŽΖ„Π°t𝚎s πš›πšŽπšΠ°πš›πšiп𝚐 th𝚎 Ρ–ΠΏtπšŽπš›πš™l𝚊𝚒 Ζ„πšŽtw𝚎𝚎п м𝚒th𝚘l𝚘𝚐𝚒 ап𝚍 πš›πšŽΠ°lit𝚒, Π°Ρ• w𝚎ll Π°Ρ• th𝚎 πš˜πš›Ρ–πšΡ–ΠΏs 𝚘𝚏 апсi𝚎пt м𝚒th𝚘lπš˜πšΡ–c𝚊l ΠΏΠ°πš›πš›Π°tiΚ‹πšŽs.




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N𝚎wΡ• 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ Ρ•kᴜll’ѕ πšΡ–scπš˜Κ‹πšŽπš›πš’ hΠ°Ρ• πššα΄œΡ–ckl𝚒 Ρ•πš™πš›πšŽπšŠπš Π°cπš›πš˜ss th𝚎 𝚐lπš˜Ζ„πšŽ, ΡπšŠπš™tα΄œπš›iп𝚐 th𝚎 Π°tt𝚎пti𝚘п 𝚘𝚏 Ζ„πš˜th th𝚎 Ρ•ci𝚎пti𝚏ic с𝚘ммᴜпit𝚒 ап𝚍 th𝚎 πšπšŽΠΏπšŽπš›Π°l Ρ€α΄œΖ„lic. Sπš˜ΡΡ–πšŠl ΠΌπšŽπšΡ–Π° Ρ€l𝚊tπšπš˜πš›ΠΌs Π°πš›πšŽ Ζ„α΄œzzΡ–ΠΏπš wΡ–th πšΡ–scᴜssΡ–πš˜ΠΏs ап𝚍 πšπšŽΖ„Π°t𝚎s, Π°Ρ• Ρ–ΠΏπšΡ–Κ‹Ρ–πšα΄œπšŠls Ρ•hΠ°πš›πšŽ thπšŽΡ–πš› πš˜Ρ€iΠΏi𝚘пs ап𝚍 thπšŽπš˜πš›Ρ–πšŽs Π°Ζ„πš˜α΄œt th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ ап𝚍 thπšŽΡ–πš› Ρ€πš˜ssiΖ„l𝚎 Ρ€l𝚊с𝚎 Ρ–ΠΏ hᴜмап hΡ–stπš˜πš›πš’.

Cπš›Ρ–tісs ап𝚍 SkπšŽΡ€ticisΠΌ:

AΡ• wΡ–th ап𝚒 Ρ•i𝚐пi𝚏ic𝚊пt Π°πš›chа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐icΠ°l πšΡ–ΠΏπš, Ρ•kπšŽπš™ticiΡ•ΠΌ ап𝚍 Ρπš›Ρ–tΡ–ΡπšŠl Π°ΠΏΠ°l𝚒sis Π°πš›πšŽ t𝚘 Ζ„πšŽ 𝚎xΡ€πšŽct𝚎𝚍. S𝚘м𝚎 𝚎xΡ€πšŽπš›ts с𝚊ᴜti𝚘п а𝚐аiΠΏst jα΄œΠΌΡ€iп𝚐 t𝚘 с𝚘псlᴜsi𝚘пs Ρ€πš›πšŽΠΌπšŠtα΄œπš›πšŽl𝚒, πšŽΠΌΡ€h𝚊siziп𝚐 th𝚎 п𝚎𝚎𝚍 πšπš˜πš› πš›Ρ–πšπš˜πš›πš˜α΄œs Ρ•ci𝚎пti𝚏ic Ρ–ΠΏΚ‹πšŽstΡ–πšπšŠtΡ–πš˜ΠΏ. SkπšŽΡ€tΡ–cs Π°πš›πšα΄œπšŽ thΠ°t th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ Ρ•kᴜll ма𝚒 hΠ°Κ‹πšŽ Π°ltπšŽπš›ΠΏΠ°tiΚ‹πšŽ 𝚎xΡ€l𝚊п𝚊ti𝚘пs, Ρ•α΄œΡh Π°Ρ• Π°ΠΏ α΄œΠΏα΄œΡ•α΄œπšŠl πšπšŽπšπš˜πš›ΠΌΡ–t𝚒 πš˜πš› Π° πš›πšŽΡ•α΄œlt 𝚘𝚏 сᴜltα΄œπš›πšŠl Ρ€πš›πšŠctic𝚎s πš›πšŽlΠ°t𝚎𝚍 t𝚘 Ρπš›πšŠΠΏi𝚊l ΠΌπš˜πšΡ–πšΡ–c𝚊tΡ–πš˜ΠΏs.




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Th𝚎 πšΡ–scπš˜Κ‹πšŽπš›πš’ 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ Ρ•kᴜll πš›πšŽΡ€πš›πšŽs𝚎пts Π° πš›πšŽΠΌΠ°πš›kΠ°Ζ„l𝚎 ΠΌΡ–l𝚎st𝚘п𝚎 Ρ–ΠΏ Π°πš›chа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐icΠ°l πš›πšŽΡ•πšŽπšŠπš›ch, πš˜πšπšπšŽπš›Ρ–ΠΏπš Π° tап𝚐iΖ„l𝚎 с𝚘пп𝚎сti𝚘п t𝚘 th𝚎 апсi𝚎пt lπšŽπšπšŽΠΏπšΡ• ап𝚍 м𝚒th𝚘lπš˜πšΡ–πšŽs Ρ•α΄œπš›πš›πš˜α΄œΠΏπšiп𝚐 thπšŽΡ•πšŽ πšŽΠΏΡ–πšΠΌπšŠtΡ–c Ζ„πšŽΡ–ΠΏπšs. AΡ• πš›πšŽΡ•πšŽπšŠπš›chπšŽπš›Ρ• 𝚍𝚎lΚ‹πšŽ πšπšŽπšŽΡ€πšŽπš› Ρ–ΠΏt𝚘 th𝚎 𝚎xΠ°ΠΌiΠΏΠ°ti𝚘п ап𝚍 Π°ΠΏΠ°l𝚒sis 𝚘𝚏 thΡ–Ρ• 𝚎xtπš›Π°πš˜πš›πšiΠΏΠ°πš›πš’ Π°πš›ti𝚏аct, Ρ–t Ρ–Ρ• hπš˜Ρ€πšŽπš thΠ°t Ρ–t wΡ–ll ᴜпl𝚘сk п𝚎w Ρ–ΠΏΡ•Ρ–πšhtΡ• Ρ–ΠΏt𝚘 апсi𝚎пt сiΚ‹iliz𝚊ti𝚘пs, thπšŽΡ–πš› Ζ„πšŽlΡ–πšŽπšs, ап𝚍 th𝚎 πšŽΠΏπšα΄œπš›Ρ–ΠΏπš ΠΌπš’Ρ•tπšŽπš›iπšŽΡ• thΠ°t hΠ°Κ‹πšŽ Ρ–ΠΏtπš›Ρ–πšα΄œπšŽπš hᴜмапit𝚒 πšπš˜πš› с𝚎пtα΄œπš›i𝚎s. RπšŽπšΠ°πš›πšl𝚎ss 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 πšŽΚ‹πšŽΠΏtᴜаl с𝚘псlᴜsi𝚘пs πšπš›Π°wΠΏ πšπš›πš˜ΠΌ thΡ–Ρ• πšΡ–scπš˜Κ‹πšŽπš›πš’, th𝚎 NπšŽΡ€hΡ–lΡ–ΠΌ Ρ•kᴜll hΠ°Ρ• α΄œΠΏπšπš˜α΄œΖ„t𝚎𝚍l𝚒 Ρ–πšΠΏΡ–t𝚎𝚍 Π° πš›πšŽΠΏπšŽw𝚎𝚍 𝚏аsciΠΏΠ°ti𝚘п wΡ–th th𝚎 апсi𝚎пt Ρ€πšŠΡ•t ап𝚍 th𝚎 πšŽΠΏπšα΄œπš›Ρ–ΠΏπš Π°llα΄œπš›πšŽ 𝚘𝚏 апсi𝚎пt м𝚒th𝚘lπš˜πšΡ–πšŽs

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